Tim Chaffey, AiG–US, critiques three alternate explanations for the resurrection that make little effort, if any, to deal with the texts of Scripture or the “minimal facts.”
We have previously addressed the “infallible proofs” and other evidences, including the “minimal facts,” for the resurrection of Jesus. As we have seen, if Jesus rose from the dead, then he is precisely who he claimed to be: the Son of God and the only way to the Father (Matthew 16:16–17; John 14:6).
We have also seen that the teaching of the resurrection was so central to the early church’s message that the Christian faith truly stands or falls with the resurrection. As such, critics and skeptics have relentlessly attacked this event. They have developed scores of alternate theories in their efforts to explain away the facts, since believing God raised Jesus from the dead is unacceptable to them. The most popular of these theories will be examined in forthcoming articles. Presently, we will critique three alternate explanations for the resurrection that make little effort, if any, to deal with the texts of Scripture or the “minimal facts.”
Mistaken Identity
One of the more popular arguments against the resurrection of Jesus, particularly in Islamic circles, is derived from the Quran, which states the following:
That they said (in boast), “We killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah”—but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them, and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not—nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise. (Quran, 4:157–158, Yusuf Ali)1
In other words, the Quran teaches that Jesus did not even die on the cross. Instead, Muslims believe that at or around the time of his arrest, Jesus was taken to heaven while one of his disciples, probably Judas, was transformed to look just like him. So this disciple was arrested, beaten, and crucified in his place.
There are multiple problems with this statement in the Quran. First, this passage refers to Jews who rejected “Christ Jesus” and claimed to have crucified him. Many people today assume that Christ is part of the name of Jesus, and it seems that Muhammad believed this too, but it is actually the Greek word for Messiah (Hebrew mashiyach). So rather than being a first name (or a last name), Christ is a title identifying Jesus as the Jewish Messiah, and non-Christian Jews would never identify Jesus as the Messiah. And if they did think of him that way, they never would have boasted about crucifying him. Second, these same Jews would not have used the phrase “messenger of Allah.” Allah is not the same as Yahweh, the God of the Bible, and these Jews did not believe Jesus was “the Messenger of Allah.” Third, this passage poses a theological problem for Muslims because it shows Allah as a deceiver who tricked people into thinking they had crucified Jesus. If Allah is a deceiver, how could anything in the Quran be trusted as being true? Finally, this passage denies that Jesus died by crucifixion, yet this is the first of the five key evidences accepted by the vast majority of scholars. The biblical writers affirm Jesus was crucified, as did several non-Christian writers in the first century after his death, including the Jewish historian Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus. Bear in mind that the Quran was not written until the seventh century AD.
Further support for this case of mistaken identity is also drawn from a book known as the Gospel of Barnabas (GoB), not to be confused with the Epistle of Barnabas (late first century). According to the GoB, Jesus was taken to the third heaven by angels just before the soldiers and Judas arrived to arrest him, and then the following event took place:
Judas entered impetuously before all into the chamber whence Jesus had been taken up. And the disciples were sleeping. Whereupon the wonderful God acted wonderfully, insomuch that Judas was so changed in speech and in face to be like Jesus that we believed him to be Jesus. . . . And as he was saying this the soldiery entered, and laid their hands upon Judas, because he was in every way like to Jesus. (Gospel of Barnabas, 216)
As with the Quran, there are several problems with this passage. It is readily apparent that the book is not an ancient document composed by the Apostle Barnabas. Instead, it is a sixteenth century forgery and was drafted to promote Islamic claims about the Bible and Jesus. For example, the book repeatedly attempts to show that Muhammad is superior to Jesus, and it reflects an Islamic understanding of Jesus. Ironically, the introduction of the book states that “the great and wonderful God hath during these past days visited us by his prophet Jesus Christ in great mercy . . .” (emphasis added). Yet in chapter 42 of this forgery, Jesus, echoing lines from John the Baptist in the Bible, specifically denies being the Messiah, which anyone with an elementary understanding of Hebrew and Greek would immediately recognize as a denial of being the Christ, since as mentioned earlier, the terms Messiah and Christ are synonymous.2
Every quotation of the Old and New Testament in the GoB is from the Latin Vulgate (c. AD 400), and it even contains quotations of the Italian poet Dante (c. 1265–1321). The book also contains numerous historical and geographical errors, such as the claim that Jesus sailed on the Sea of Galilee to Nazareth (GoB, 20), but Nazareth is about 15 miles away from that body of water and cannot be reached via water. This forgery also states that Jesus was born while Pilate was governor (GoB, 3), but he actually became governor around AD 26 or 27, about the time Jesus began his ministry. It refers to Barnabas as one of the original 12 disciples and even has Jesus, during his ministry, address him as Barnabas. But Barnabas was not one of the original 12 disciples. And even if he had been one of them, he would have been known at that time by his birth name, Joseph, since he wasn’t nicknamed Barnabas, which means “son of encouragement,” until he sold a field and gave the proceeds to the apostles (Acts 4:37).
The mistaken identity view has zero textual support from any early writers and contradicts the first key evidence—Jesus died by crucifixion.
The mistaken identity view has zero textual support from any early writers and contradicts the first key evidence—Jesus died by crucifixion. It requires an act of deception by the god who supposedly performed the miraculous transformation of the disciple to look like Jesus, so the deity who allegedly wrought this miracle would be a deceitful being and, therefore, certainly not worthy of anyone’s trust.
Legend
In our second article in this series, it was mentioned that some skeptics and critics claim that the beliefs about Christ’s resurrection were simply legends that developed over decades as Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire. Dan Barker, a former pastor, well-known skeptic, and copresident of the Freedom from Religion Foundation, is one of those who has touted the legend view.
There have been many reasons for doubting [Jesus rose bodily from the grave], but the consensus among critical scholars today appears to be that the story is a “legend.” During the 60–70 years it took for the Gospels to be composed, the original story went through a growth period that began with the unadorned idea that Jesus, like Grandma, had “died and gone to heaven” and ended with a fantastic narrative produced by a later generation of believers that included earthquakes, angels, an eclipse, a resuscitated corpse, and a spectacular bodily ascension into the clouds.
The earliest Christians believed in the “spiritual” resurrection of Jesus. The story later evolved over time into a “bodily” resurrection.3
Barker attempts to support his proposal by listing the number of “Extraordinary Events” described by the various biblical writers in their respective resurrection narratives—he also throws into the mix the noncanonical and sometimes bizarre work called the Gospel of Peter. He counts the number of events he considers to be extraordinary with a date he assigns to each of the writings and claims that the number of these events increases as time passes, showing that the legend grew as time went on.
There are multiple problems with Barker’s claims and the legend view in general. Barker, like other proponents of this view, does not even attempt to account for the evidence described in our previous article. While these people may accept that Jesus died on a cross, they deny that the disciples, Paul, and James believed that Jesus appeared to them, and they reject the empty tomb. So those who cling to the legend view are at odds with practically all historians. Let’s take a look at some of Barker’s specific errors. Here is a chart illustrating his claims.
Skeptic Dan Barker’s List of Extraordinary Events in the Resurrection Accounts
Writer
Date
Resurrection Passage
Extraordinary Events
Paul
50–55
1 Corinthians 15:3–8
0
Mark
70
Mark 16
1
Matthew
80
Matthew 28
4
Luke
85
Luke 24
5
Peter
85–90
Gospel of Peter fragment
6
John
95
John 20–21
8+
First, the dates Barker assigns to each of the writings other than 1 Corinthians are highly unlikely. Of course, he opts for dates consistent with the critical theologians who have sought to “demythologize”4 the Scriptures. But there are excellent reasons for rejecting these dates. For example, Luke wrote his Gospel prior to writing Acts, and there are strong indications that Acts was penned several years before Paul’s execution (c. AD 66).5 In fact, most orthodox, Bible-believing scholars have assigned a date prior to AD 70 to all of these writings except the Gospel of John and the Gospel of Peter.
Second, even if we grant the unlikely dates used by Barker, his methodology contains serious mistakes. He ignores the various reasons why the authors wrote what they did and presumes that each of the authors attempted to provide an exhaustive account of post-crucifixion events. This is clearly not the case, since in 1 Corinthians 15:3–7, Paul recited an earlier creedal statement dating to within a few years of the resurrection. Creeds are not meant to provide every detail available. Instead, they are designed to be succinct summaries of essential points. Using Barker’s logic, we should conclude that the drafters of the Nicene Creed did not believe that Jesus performed miracles, although they clearly did, but that was not the point of the creed. In the 1 Corinthians creed, Paul specifically mentioned the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus before spending much of the chapter explaining the physical, albeit transformed, resurrection body. Also, each Gospel writer reported certain details that fit his respective purpose.
Barker engages in some peculiar counting to make the number of extraordinary events line up in the order he desires. For example, he does not count Paul’s description of Christ’s appearances in 1 Corinthians 15, but he does count such appearances as extraordinary in Luke and John. This is because Barker sets himself up as the one who gets to determine what qualifies as extraordinary. Further, he counts the appearance of two angels described in Luke and John as two separate events, even though the appearance of these angels is clearly one event.
Third, Barker’s methodology backfires when we examine other aspects of the accounts to see if there are any signs of legendary development. Consider the amount of eyewitnesses of the risen Christ described in each of these accounts. Mark has an angel telling the women that Jesus was about to appear to the 11 disciples (Mark 16:7). John describes Jesus appearing to 12 people. Matthew reports that Jesus appeared to at least 13 people. Luke mentioned Jesus being seen by at least 15 people. Paul mentions more than 500 eyewitnesses in 1 Corinthians 15.
So if we were to apply Barker’s methodology to the number of eyewitnesses (and use his dates for the sake of argument), then we would have to conclude that the list in 1 Corinthians 15 is by far the most legendary of these works. And since this passage in 1 Corinthians 15 is part of an early creedal statement dating to within five years of Christ’s death, we should conclude that each of the resurrection accounts was written earlier—within five years of the events described.6 No scholar would accept such early dates, and these books weren’t written this early; however, this exercise illustrates the obtuseness of Barker’s thinking on the subject.
The legend view fails to make sense of numerous details found in the Scriptures. For example, one of the evidences for the authenticity of the resurrection accounts is the role played by the women in discovering the empty tomb and being the first witnesses of the risen Savior. If later authors were inventing legendary details to incorporate into the story, they would have never positioned women in such an important role. Josephus, writing at about the same time as the Gospel writers, stated the following concerning the admissibility of women as witnesses: “But let not the testimony of women be admitted, on account of the levity and boldness of their sex.”7 This does not reflect biblical teaching but was likely taught by the scribes and Pharisees. Wright correctly describes the presence of women in the text.
We do not know (despite repeated scholarly assertions) exactly when the evangelists first put pen to paper. But we must affirm that the story they tell is one which goes back behind Paul, back to the very early period, before anyone had time to think, “It would be good to tell stories about Jesus rising from the dead; what will best serve our apologetic needs?” It is far, far easier to assume that the women were there at the beginning, just as, three days earlier, they had been there at the end.8
The legend view provides a great example of how the various alternatives to the resurrection might be able to account for certain details in the texts, but they fail miserably when compared to all the data.
The legend view provides a great example of how the various alternatives to the resurrection might be able to account for certain details in the texts, but they fail miserably when compared to all the data. As such, proponents of these views tend to pick and choose the verses that can be twisted into their scenarios and ignore all of the details that contradict their views.
Copycat
In recent years, a rather novel view has been promoted through a handful of movies and by some of the “new atheists” and “Jesus mythers.” The copycat proposal is similar to the legend view in that it does not even attempt to account for the historical data, so many of the critiques of the legend view are relevant here. Essentially, this idea states that Jesus never really lived but was invented by the early church who based their ideas about him on myths of pagan gods from various cultures.
While popularized in movies like The God Who Wasn’t There, Zeitgeist, and Religulous, the copycat view has practically no support among scholars, whether critical or skeptical.9 Historians are virtually unanimous in their belief that Jesus of Nazareth truly lived in the first century AD and is the historical figure behind Christianity.
These arguments were earlier promoted by a former Anglican priest and professor of Greek and New Testament at the University of Toronto. In his book The Pagan Christ, Tom Harpur garnered his ideas from nineteenth and twentieth century writers Alvin Boyd Kuhn, Godfrey Higgins, and Gerald Massey, who had pushed the idea that virtually all of the main ideas of Christianity and Judaism came from Egyptian religion.
W. Ward Gasque’s research on these men sheds light on the type of “scholarship” we are dealing with here. Consider the fact that Harpur identified Kuhn as an “Egyptologist” who is “one of the single greatest geniuses of the twentieth century” and a man who “towers above all others of recent memory in intellect and his understanding of the world’s religions.” In reality, Kuhn was a high school language teacher, and neither Kuhn, Higgins, nor Massey appears in Who Was Who in Egyptology or in Pratt’s exhaustive bibliography on Ancient Egypt.10 Simply put, these men are not in any way recognized as experts on ancient Egypt, yet their ideas are being promoted by atheists who are intent on pushing the copycat Messiah myth.
If true, these claims would deal a significant blow to the Christian faith as they would call into serious question the historicity of the life and ministry of Jesus. More importantly, at least as far as this study is concerned, if early Christians simply copied their ideas about the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus from pagan beliefs, then the gospel message would be undermined and we would still be in our sins. Nevertheless, there simply is no warrant for the copycat scenarios.
Pagan Christs
There is no shortage of misinformation from mythers on this subject. An entire book could be written to counter the false teachings that compare Jesus to other ancient figures. These so-called “saviors” were rarely, if ever, considered to be saviors, although many were considered to be gods, while others were thought to have been miracle workers or magicians. Let’s examine one of these individuals to see if there is any merit in the assertions of the Zeitgeist film. There is little need to offer an additional critique for Religulous since Bill Maher simply copied his claims from Zeitgeist. Also, examining all of the claims would become incredibly redundant since many of the assertions are regurgitated for each “savior” figure.
The following claims are made about the Egyptian god Horus in Zeitgeist:
- He was born of a virgin called Isis Meri (Mary?) on December 25.
- His birth was marked by a star in the east.
- He was adored as an infant by three kings.
- He was a teacher by age 12.
- He was baptized by “Anup the Baptizer” who was subsequently decapitated.
- Horus started his ministry at age 30.
- He had 12 disciples and performed miracles.
- He was known as the “Lamb of God” and “the Light.”
- He was crucified and lay dead for three days before being resurrected.
Is there any solid evidence for these claims? Absolutely not! In fact, there are good reasons to reject every single point either because it is patently false or because, in many cases even if the claim were true, it would not impact Christianity in any way because the idea is not even found in Scripture.
First, there is no record of Horus being born on December 25. Instead, the only reference that gives a date for his birth places it on day 31 of Khoiak, which roughly corresponds to our month of November. Even if Horus was born on December 25, this would be irrelevant since the Bible never says that this is the date of the birth of Christ.11
Second, no ancient record exists where Isis is called Mary, nor is she ever portrayed as a virgin at the time of the birth of Horus. There is not any record of a star rising in the east at his birth, nor do any ancient records show him being admired by three kings. Once again, we see a listing of irrelevant details, which shows that the originators of these falsehoods about connections to Horus have not carefully read the Bible. Even if three kings did visit the infant Horus, it would be irrelevant. The Bible states that magi, not kings, visited Jesus a while after his birth, and it does not tell us how many made the journey.12
Third, no Egyptian records mention Horus being a teacher at age 12, and there certainly is no record of anyone named Anup the Baptizer who later lost his head. In fact, there is never any mention of baptism for Horus. While he did have some followers, there is no indication that he had a select group of 12.
Fourth, Horus was never called “Lamb of God” or “the Light.” However, he did have some titles, such as Great God, Chief of the Powers, Master of Heaven, and Avenger of His Father.13
Finally, Horus certainly was not crucified. This would have been difficult since the first writings about him are from well over a thousand years before crucifixion was even invented. Just as he was not crucified, Horus certainly was never resurrected from the dead as Jesus was.
Mythers have raised similar arguments about many other gods or “saviors,” including Mithra, Zoroaster, Buddha, Krishna, Osiris, Dionysus, and Attus. Yet despite their best efforts, the ancient records of these individuals have very little in common with Jesus, and in some cases, the few similarities in details only arose after the influence of Christian missionaries.
The fact is that the Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus did not borrow from any group of people.
The fact is that the Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus did not borrow from any group of people. In many of these “copycat” claims, the common pagan belief regarding an annual dying and rising god symbolizing the changing seasons is absurdly touted as a parallel to the physical death and physical resurrection of Jesus. As Wright sarcastically noted, “When Paul preached in Athens, nobody said, ‘Ah, yes, a new version of Osiris and such like.’”14
The biblical teaching did not borrow from the Greeks. The notion of bodily resurrection was abhorrent to these people since they viewed the material world as evil. As such, why would anyone desire to undergo physical resurrection?15 This is one of the reasons Paul spent so much time explaining the physical nature of the general resurrection to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 15). Finally, the Christian belief in Christ’s resurrection did not even borrow from popular Jewish beliefs of the day, which taught a future bodily resurrection of all people (Daniel 12:2), as indicated by Martha’s response to Jesus in John 11:24.16
Conclusion
So far, we have looked at three of the skeptical attempts to explain away the resurrection of Jesus. We have seen that each of these positions in their various forms fail miserably in accounting for the details surrounding Christ’s death, burial, and resurrection. For the most part, these three views (mistaken identity, legend, and copycat) do not even attempt to interact with the New Testament and other historical data. Instead, their proponents have made outlandish claims without any supporting evidence. And yet, it is often these same proponents who accuse Christians of having blind faith.
Ironically, it is the skeptic who blindly trusts in wild assertions to escape the one thing their belief system fears most: the risen Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Sadly, instead of humbling themselves and being reconciled to God through faith in Christ, these skeptics mock their Creator and the only means of salvation. If you are one of these skeptics, I urge you to stop trying to justify your unbelief by clinging to these bizarre and unsubstantiated beliefs, repent of your sins, and call upon the risen Lord to save you from your sins.
